Fatores associados à comorbidade para depressão, ansiedade e estresse em amostra de comunidade universitária durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Baptista, Cremildo João

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Sumário

Research Report - Health Psychology • Estud. psicol. (Campinas) 41 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202441e220019 copiar

Fatores associados à comorbidade para depressão, ansiedade e estresse em amostra de comunidade universitária durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Objetivo

Este estudo apresenta a prevalência e os fatores associados à comorbidade no rastreamento para depressão, ansiedade e estresse durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Métodos

Trata-se de estudo transversal descritivo/exploratório que utilizou a DASS-21 para triagem de saúde mental.

Resultados

Em uma amostra baseada na internet, 14,48% (n = 260), 12,42% (n = 223) e 31,12% (n = 559) dos participantes apresentaram resultado positivo para somente um, para somente dois e para todos os três sintomas, respectivamente. Ser estudante, ter filhos, usar drogas, relatar sintomas de COVID-19, reportar piora do estado emocional e transtornos mentais prévios estiveram associados à comorbidade para depressão, ansiedade e estresse.

Conclusão

Indivíduos da comunidade universitária estudada apresentaram distúrbios psicológicos, medidos pelos níveis de ansiedade, depressão e estresse e comorbidade para esses desfechos, provavelmente como o impacto psicológico inicial da pandemia de COVID-19.

Palavras-chave:
Ansiedade; Comorbidade; Pandemia de COVID-19; Depressão; Estresse

Item	Question	Construct or Subscale
1	I found it difficult to calm myself.	Stress
2	My mouth felt dry.	Anxiety
3	I didn't experience any positive feelings.	Depression
4	I had difficulty breathing at times (such as wheezing and breathlessness without having made any physical effort).	Anxiety
5	It was hard for me to have the initiatives to do things.	Depression
6	I intended to exaggerate when I reacted to situations.	Stress
7	I felt shaky (for example, in my hands).	Anxiety
8	I felt I was always nervous.	Stress
9	I got worried about situations in which I could have panicked and looked ridiculous.	Anxiety
10	I felt I had no desire for anything.	Depression
11	I felt restless.	Stress
12	I found it difficult to relax.	Stress
13	I felt depressed and had no motivation.	Depression
14	I was intolerant of the things that kept me from continuing to do what I had been doing.	Stress
15	I felt like I was going to panic.	Anxiety
16	I didn't feel enthusiastic about anything.	Depression
17	I felt like I was worthless as a person.	Depression
18	I felt like I was being a little too emotional/sensitive.	Stress
19	I knew my heartbeat had changed even though I hadn't done anything physically rigorous (e.g. increased heart rate, irregular heartbeat).	Anxiety
20	I felt afraid for no reason.	Anxiety
21	I felt there was no meaning to life.	Depression

Characteristic	n (%) (Total = 1,796)	Prevalence of morbidities (depression, anxiety, and stress)
Characteristic	n (%) (Total = 1,796)	Positive for 1 outcome n = 260 (14.48%)	p-value	Positive for 2 outcomes n = 223 (12.42%)	p-value	Positive for all 3 outcomes n = 559 (31.12%)	p-value
Sex
Male	619 (34.47)	16.16	0.143	9.85	0.017	22.46	< 0.001
Female	1,177 (65.53)	13.59	0.143	13.76	0.017	35.68	< 0.001
Age group (mean: 28.3 ± 10.1 years)
18 - 29 years	1,208 (67.26)	15.73	0.007	14.07	0.003	37.25	< 0.001
30 - 49 years	495 (27.56)	13.33		9.90		20.20
50 - 68 years	93 (5.18)	4.30		4.30		9.68
Race/skin color
White	973 (54.18)	14.90	0.835	12.74	0.425	30.22	0.662
Black/Pardo	735 (40.92)	13.88		12.52		32.24
Indigenous/Yellow	88 (4.90)	14.77		7.95		31.82
Educational level
Master/PhD	230 (12.81)	11.74	0.258	9.57	0.349	16.09	< 0.001
University degree	909 (50.61)	14.08		13.09		31.35
Primary/Secondary	657 (36.58)	15.98		12.48		36.07
Relationship with the University
Professor	104 (5.79)	6.73	0.042	7.69	< 0.001	14.42	< 0.001
Staff	276 (15.37)	13.04		6.16		14.49
Student	1,416 (78.84)	15.32		13.98		35.59
Marital status
Married/With partner	515 (28.67)	12.43	0.118	10.87	0.209	20.58	< 0.001
Single	1,281 (71.33)	15.30	0.118	13.04	0.209	35.36	< 0.001
Children
No	413 (23.00)	15.62	0.012	13.52	0.009	35.21	< 0.001
Yes	1,383 (77.00)	10.65	0.012	8.72	0.009	17.43	< 0.001
Risk group for CoVID-19
No	1,354 (75.39)	15.36	0.062	13.00	0.1905	27.33	< 0.001
Yes	442 (24.61)	11.76	0.062	10.63	0.1905	42.76	< 0.001
Substance use (alcohol, tabacco, illicit drugs, etc)
No	921 (51.30)	14.01	0.561	11.29	0.138	26.93	< 0.001
Yes	875 (48.70)	14.97	0.561	13.60	0.138	35.54	< 0.001
Cohabits?
Family/Partner	1,312 (73.05)	13.80	0.391	12.58	0.544	29.34	< 0.001
Friends/Roommates	146 (8.13)	15.75		9.59		48.63
No, lives alone	338 (18.82)	16.57		13.02		30.47
Computer and household internet access
Yes	1,538 (85.63)	14.76	0.406	12.22	0.545	29.26	< 0.001
No	258 (14.37)	12.79	0.406	13.57	0.545	42.25	< 0.001
Feeling that keeping remote activities helps to lessen oneself’ sensation of social isolation/distancing (loneliness)
No	959 (53.40)	13.45	0.186	13.45	0.155	37.33	< 0.001
Yes	837 (46.60)	15.65	0.186	11.23	0.155	24.01	< 0.001
Signs/symptoms suggesting COVID-19 infection during social/physical isolation/distancing
No	1,518 (84.52)	14.43	0.889	11.86	0.093	27.54	< 0.001
Yes	278 (15.48)	14.75	0.889	15.47	0.093	50.72	< 0.001
Financial/material hardship during physical/social isolation
No	1,365 (76.00)	14.29	0.682	12.31	0.803	25.86	< 0.001
Yes	431 (24.00)	15.08	0.682	12.76	0.803	47.80	< 0.001
Fear of being infected with SARS-CoV-2
No fear	114 (6.35)	15.79	0.846	13.16	0.693	15.79	< 0.001
Little fear	918 (51.11)	14.71		11.76		24.73
Very scared	764 (42.54)	14.01		13.09		41.10
Feeling well informed about the pandemic and the reasons for social/physical isolation/distancing
No	1,587 (88.36)	14.87	0.191	12.73	0.269	28.86	< 0.001
Yes	209 (11.64)	11.48	0.191	10.05	0.269	48.33	< 0.001
Self-rated emotional state during social/physical isolation/distancing
Remained the same	548 (30.51)	13.87	0.873	6.02	< 0.001	11.31	< 0.001
Got better	124 (6.90)	15.32		13.71		25.00
Got worse	1,124 (62.58)	14.68		15.39		41.46
Previous diagnostic of mental disorders before the COVID-19 pandemic
No	1,101 (61.30)	15.71	0.061	10.54	0.002	17.26	< 0.001
Yes	695 (38.70)	12.52	0.061	15.40	0.002	53.09	< 0.001

Characteristic	Number of morbidities (depression, anxiety, and stress)
Characteristic	Positive for 1 outcome OR [95% CI]	p-value	Positive for 2 outcomes OR [95% CI]	p-value	Positive for all 3 outcomes OR [95% CI]	p-value
Sex
Male	-		-		-
Female	1.02 [0.74-1.38]	0.943	1.54 [1.07-2.21]	0.019	1.58 [1.17-2.15]	0.003
Age group
18 - 29 years	3.59 [1.13-11.38]	0.030	2.16 [0.64-7.36]	0.218	2.16 [0.81-5.79]	0.123
30 - 49 years	2.93 [0.99-8.71]	0.030	1.80 [0.58-5.64]	0.218	1.71 [0.69-4.22]	0.123
50 - 68 years	-		-		-
Educational level
Master/PhD	-		-		-
University degree	0.73 [0.39-1.37]	0.328	0.53 [0.24-1.13]	0.098	0.73 [0.38-1.41]	0.343
Primary/Secondary	0.73 [0.37-1.44]	0.358	0.40 [0.17-0.89]	0.026	0.63 [0.31-1.28]	0.201
Relationship with the University
Professor	-		-		-
Staff	2.25 [0.88-5.77]	0.012	1.14 [0.42-3.10]	0.003	1.18 [0.50-2.78]	0.014
Student	3.71 [1.33-10.35]	0.012	5.21 [1.74-15.59]	0.003	3.30 [1.28-8.55]	0.014
Marital state
Married/With partner	-		-		-
Single	0.97 [0.64-1.48]	0.903	0.87 [0.55-1.38]	0.547	1.75 [0.79-1.76]	0.431
Children
No	-		-		-
Yes	0.60 [0.37-0.96]	0.034	0.56 [0.33-0.96]	0.036	0.44 [0.28-0.70]	< 0.001
Risk group for COVID-19
No	-		-		-
Yes	1.19 [0.80-1.76]	0.385	1.20 [0.78-1.83]	0.409	2.05 [1.46-2.90]	< 0.001
Substance use (alcohol, tabacco, illicit drugs, etc)
No	-		-		-
Yes	1.44 [1.06-1.95]	0.019	1.70 [1.22-2.38]	0.002	1.67 [1.26-2.23]	< 0.001
Cohabits
Family/Partner	-		-		-
Friends/Roommates	1.14 [0.64-2.03]	0.656	0.72 [0.37-1.43]	0.351	1.44 [0.86-2.40]	0.022
No, lives alone	1.05 [0.70-1.55]	0.656	0.82 [0.53-1.27]	0.351	0.64 [0.44-0.94]	0.022
Computer and household internet access
Yes	-		-		-
No	0.86 [0.54-1.39]	0.541	0.61 [0.37-0.99]	0.048	0.51 [0.34-0.77]	0.002
Feeling that keeping remote activities helps to lessen oneself’ sensation of social isolation/distancing (loneliness)
No	-		-		-
Yes	1.08 [0.80-1.47]	0.600	0.86 [0.62-1.20]	0.380	0.71 [0.53-0.94]	0.017
Signs/symptoms suggesting COVID-19 infection during social/physical isolation/distancing
No	-		-		-
Yes	1.69 [1.07-2.69]	0.025	2.03 [1.26-3.28]	0.004	2.24 [1.49-3.37]	< 0.001
Financial/material hardship during social/physical isolation/distancing
No	-		-		-
Yes	1.66 [1.13-2.43]	0.010	1.38 [0.91-2.10]	0.134	2.06 [1.45-2.92]	< 0.001
Luck of medical assistance during social/physical isolation/distancing
No	-		-		-
Yes	1.05 [0.69-1.59]	0.836	0.88 [0.56-1.39]	0.595	1.42 [0.99-2.04]	0.059
Fear of being infected with SARS-CoV-2
No fear	-		-		-
Little fear	0.98 [0.55-1.78]	0.959	0.98 [0.50-1.90]	0.946	1.67 [0.86-3.24]	0.002
Very scared	1.27 [0.69-2.33]	0.959	1.34 [0.68-2. 64]	0.946	2.85 [1.46-5.55]	0.002
Feeling well informed about the pandemic and the reasons for social/physical isolation/distancing
No	-		-		-
Yes	0.87 [0.52-1.46]	0.604	0.86 [0.49-1.50]	0.593	1.62 [1.05-2.49]	0.028
Self-rated emotional state during social/physical isolation/distancing
Remained the same	-		-		-
Got better	1.40 [0.77-2.55]	< 0.001	2.84 [1.43-5.66]	0.003	2.27 [1.24-4.15]	0.008
Got worse	1.91 [1.37-2.66]	< 0.001	4.01 [2.62-6.15]	0.003	4.22 [2.96-6.02]	0.008
Previous diagnostic of mental disorders before the COVID-19 pandemic
No	-		-		-
Yes	2.25 [1.59-3.18]	< 0.001	4.01 [2.80-5.76]	< 0.001	7.82 [5.74-10.66]	< 0.001

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